{"id":4071,"date":"2026-04-06T06:04:07","date_gmt":"2026-04-05T22:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vn\/uml-communication-diagram-symbols-explained\/"},"modified":"2026-04-06T06:04:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T22:04:07","slug":"uml-communication-diagram-symbols-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vn\/uml-communication-diagram-symbols-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ecdi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c quan, \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

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\"Kawaii<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed7i n\u00fat \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd chi ti\u1ebft h\u00f3a c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (N\u00fat)<\/h3>\n

Kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tham gia v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n
  • Ghi nh\u00e3n:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u00ean trong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo sau l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hai ch\u1ea5m v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1edbp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “khach_hang: Khach_hang<\/em>).<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> T\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb:<\/strong> \u0110\u00f4i khi, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb g\u1ea7n nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    C\u00e1c n\u00fat n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c n\u00fat n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    2. C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft (M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7)<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, cho ph\u00e9p g\u1eedi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng li\u1ec1n n\u00e9t n\u1ed1i hai h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> Theo m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 hai chi\u1ec1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ean vai tr\u00f2:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “quan_ly<\/em>, khach_hang<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/th>\nBi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan<\/th>\n\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tham gia v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho ph\u00e9p giao ti\u1ebfp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t qua m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      B\u1ed9i s\u1ed1<\/td>\nC\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 1..*, 0..1<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \ud83d\udce9 K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/h2>\n

      Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo tr\u1ee5c th\u1eddi gian d\u1ecdc. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

      3. M\u0169i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u1ed1i hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn. Ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

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      • \u0110\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean li\u1ec1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00e9t:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ee9a t\u00ean c\u1ee7a thao t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi. C\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, “t\u00ednhT\u1ed5ng(price, tax)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

        4. S\u1ed1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1<\/h3>\n

        V\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1eddi gian theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u00fang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u0110\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 theo sau b\u1edfi d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “1<\/em>, 1.1<\/em>, 2<\/em>).<\/li>\n
        • Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1ed1c:<\/strong> B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 1<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        • Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec7 quy:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng trong l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n nh\u01b0 “1.1<\/em>, 1.2<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        • Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p song song:<\/strong> C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng l\u00fac nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed3ng nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “2<\/em>, 3<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n m\u0169i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u0169i t\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          5. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1<\/h3>\n

          Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00e9t ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n tr\u1eeb khi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua ch\u00fang gi\u00fap s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n, v\u00ec lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd22 S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/h2>\n

          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tham gia v\u00e0o li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c 1<\/em>.<\/li>\n
          • Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong> D\u1ea5u sao *<\/em> ho\u1eb7c 0..*<\/em> bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
          • Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/strong> 2..5<\/em> bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ebfm c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
          • V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/strong> T\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft, ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 1<\/em> \u1edf ph\u00eda Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 0..*<\/em> \u1edf ph\u00eda Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udd04 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h2>\n

            Trong khi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, UML cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

            6. Khung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c (V\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 Alt)<\/h3>\n

            M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, c\u00e1c khung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt l\u1edbn bao quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Khung v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n nh\u01b0 loop<\/em> ho\u1eb7c while (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n)<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a khung.<\/li>\n
            • Khung Alt:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn thay th\u1ebf (if\/else). N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang. M\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c vu\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 “[h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7]<\/em> ho\u1eb7c “[kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7]<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              C\u00e1c khung n\u00e0y gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang khi logic t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

              \ud83e\udded \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n

              Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhau l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho logic c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u0110\u01a1n h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A.<\/li>\n
              • Hai chi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp l\u1eabn nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb “\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>” \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn “C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em>” \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn qua m\u1ed9t “D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>” \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                \ud83c\udd9a So s\u00e1nh: Giao ti\u1ebfp so v\u1edbi Chu\u1ed7i<\/h2>\n

                \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang “kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec” s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 chu\u1ed7i.” \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn “<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/th>\nBi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Giao ti\u1ebfp<\/th>\nBi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Chu\u1ed7i<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\nTh\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac\/H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/td>\nD\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian d\u1ecdc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Th\u1eddi gian<\/td>\n\u1ea8n (th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1)<\/td>\nR\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1ecdc)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Thanh k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho<\/td>\n\u0110i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/td>\nPh\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1eddi gian chi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                B\u1ed9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp con c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thanh k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n mang t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

                7. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • T\u1eadp trung:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh \u1edf trung t\u00e2m.<\/li>\n
                • Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong> Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan g\u1ea7n nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft nhau.<\/li>\n
                • Lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong> S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  8. Quy \u01b0\u1edbc ghi nh\u00e3n<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng camelCase cho t\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u1ed1:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 logic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    9. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/li>\n
                    • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u00e3y chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                    • \u1ea8n c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1:<\/strong> Tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ebd m\u0169i t\u00ean cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \ud83d\udcdd Tham chi\u1ebfu chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

                      Danh s\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh cho c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • T\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u00ean trong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00ean l\u1edbp:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau d\u1ea5u hai ch\u1ea5m. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
                      • \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
                      • M\u0169i t\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/li>\n
                      • M\u0169i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p:<\/strong> M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi.<\/li>\n
                      • Nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 thao t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
                      • S\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1:<\/strong> Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n
                      • B\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong> S\u1ed1 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                      • Khung:<\/strong> H\u1ed9p bao quanh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
                      • \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c vu\u00f4ng b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t khung (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “[n\u1ebfu m\u1edf]<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \ud83e\udde9 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

                        H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/em> . D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/em> sau \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 g\u1eedi ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> Ba h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
                        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
                        • Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o:<\/strong>\n
                            \n
                          • M\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n 1: x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                          • M\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n 1.1: x\u00e1c minh<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                          • M\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn LoginService<\/em> (Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1).<\/li>\n
                          • M\u0169i t\u00ean t\u1eeb LoginService<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> (Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu LoginService<\/em> b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> v\u00e0 C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

                            \ud83d\udd0d Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n

                            Khi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m. H\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1eaby sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o song song s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
                            • C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft nhau:<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft nhau khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm. H\u00e3y s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
                            • \u0110a th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111a th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp ghi 1..1<\/em>, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb 0..*<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                            • Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i tin nh\u1eafn:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean. H\u00e3y t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \ud83c\udf93 T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb<\/h2>\n

                              S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng gian. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2, li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 tin nh\u1eafn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf tr\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111a b\u1ed9i t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                              H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u00e9m, th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. H\u00e3y \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c l\u01b0\u1edbi. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c khung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tin nh\u1eafn ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

                              V\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4072,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML (H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn)","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc m\u1ecdi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, li\u00ean k\u1ebft, tin nh\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111a b\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[103,115],"class_list":["post-4071","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-communication-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nGi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML (H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc m\u1ecdi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng UML. 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