{"id":3822,"date":"2026-04-02T18:08:46","date_gmt":"2026-04-02T10:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vi\/uml-communication-diagram-message-types\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T18:08:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T10:08:46","slug":"uml-communication-diagram-message-types","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vi\/uml-communication-diagram-message-types\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 C\u00e1c Lo\u1ea1i Tin Nh\u1eafn trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Giao ti\u1ebfp UML"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Giao ti\u1ebfp UML cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0<strong>c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn<\/strong>, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Hand-drawn infographic guide to UML Communication Diagram message types showing five core categories: synchronous messages (solid line with filled arrowhead, blocking behavior), asynchronous messages (solid line with open arrowhead, non-blocking), return messages (dashed line with open arrowhead for data return), create\/destroy messages with stereotypes for object lifecycle management, and signal messages for event broadcasting. Includes visual notation key for arrowheads and line styles, quick-reference comparison table with blocking status and use cases, practical examples like bankAccount.withdraw() and orderSystem.sendEmail(), plus best practice tips for numbering sequences and maintaining clear object links. Educational resource for software architects and developers modeling object interactions in system design.\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/uml-communication-diagram-message-types-infographic-hand-drawn.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\ud83e\udde0 Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Giao ti\u1ebfp UML (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c) minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Chu\u1ed7i, n\u01a1i \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u1eddi gian, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Giao ti\u1ebfp \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tin nh\u1eafn.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed7i tin nh\u1eafn trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00edch. Lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi c\u00f3 ch\u1edd ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i hay kh\u00f4ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Li\u00ean k\u1ebft, Tin nh\u1eafn v\u00e0 Nh\u00e3n tin nh\u1eafn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd11 Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch C\u00e1c Lo\u1ea1i Tin Nh\u1eafn Ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n UML. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i mang m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Tin nh\u1eafn \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 (G\u1ecdi)<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B, n\u00f3<strong>b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng th\u1ef1c thi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>H\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t<code>BankAccount<\/code>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t<code>withdraw<\/code> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t <code>Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Tin nh\u1eafn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9<\/h3>\n<p>Tin nh\u1eafn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c thi ngay sau khi g\u1eedi tin nh\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u1eed l\u00fd tin nh\u1eafn \u1edf n\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edd ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u1edf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> Ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t <code>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u0110\u01a1nH\u00e0ng<\/code> g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t <code>g\u1eediEmail<\/code> tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t <code>D\u1ecbchV\u1ee5Th\u00f4ngB\u00e1o<\/code>. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd email \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1<\/h3>\n<p>Tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111ang g\u1eedi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi. Trong lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u1edf.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, m\u00e3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> C\u00e1i <code>Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t <code>s\u1ed1 d\u01b0<\/code> gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho <code>t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>R\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Tin nh\u1eafn T\u1ea1o v\u00e0 X\u00f3a<\/h3>\n<p>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng tin nh\u1eafn n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb x\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tin nh\u1eafn T\u1ea1o:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 ra vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0<code>&lt;&lt;t\u1ea1o&gt;&gt;<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tin nh\u1eafn X\u00f3a:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 ra vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0<code>&lt;&lt;x\u00f3a&gt;&gt;<\/code>, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng tin nh\u1eafn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay v\u00ec l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Tin nh\u1eafn T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (G\u1eedi \u0111i v\u00e0 qu\u00ean)<\/h3>\n<p>Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, tin nh\u1eafn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi ph\u00e1t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcca So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn<\/th>\n<th>Ch\u1eb7n?<\/th>\n<th>Ki\u1ec3u m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/th>\n<th>Ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t<\/th>\n<th>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y<\/td>\n<td>Li\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<td>Truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<td>H\u1edf<\/td>\n<td>Li\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n<td>H\u1edf<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/td>\n<td>Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ea1o<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3<\/td>\n<td>H\u1edf<\/td>\n<td>Li\u1ec1n<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<td>M\u1edf\/\u0110\u1ea7y<\/td>\n<td>Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/td>\n<td>Ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfa8 Chi ti\u1ebft k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho giao ti\u1ebfp trong nh\u00f3m. Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c quan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tam gi\u00e1c m\u1edf:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t li\u1ec1n:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 ra lu\u1ed3ng tin nh\u1eafn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t:<\/strong>H pratic ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Nh\u00e3n tin nh\u1eafn<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean tin nh\u1eafn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean thao t\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 tham s\u1ed1 tham gia, ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <code>t\u00ednhT\u1ed5ng(s\u1ed1L\u01b0\u1ee3ng)<\/code>. N\u1ebfu tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 cho bi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udee0 C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 tin nh\u1eafn:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi. C\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 (1, 2, 3). C\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p n\u00ean d\u00f9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n (1.1, 1.2).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i (li\u00ean k\u1ebft) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i tin nh\u1eafn:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef nh\u00e3n ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 <code>&lt;&lt;t\u1ea1o&gt;&gt;<\/code> ho\u1eb7c <code>&lt;&lt;h\u1ee7y&gt;&gt;<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c g\u1ea7n nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83d\udeab Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1:<\/strong> B\u1ecf qu\u00ean vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean sai s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Chia c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean tin nh\u1eafn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy t\u1eafc UML. M\u1ed7i tin nh\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u23f1 Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c thi<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn v\u1eabn ng\u1ee5 \u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 (1, 2, 1.1, 2.1) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3>Khung th\u1ef1c thi<\/h3>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khung th\u1ef1c thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn trong m\u1ed9t ranh gi\u1edbi logic. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap khi nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/h3>\n<p>N\u1ebfu hai tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y x\u1eed l\u00fd song song. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: g\u1eedi tin nh\u1eafn ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o email c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd04 M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1<\/h2>\n<p>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1:<\/strong> T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian chi ti\u1ebft, thanh k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd logic th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong> T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn, ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thay v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcdd C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng chi ti\u1ebft<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 1: \u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/h3>\n<p>Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t <code>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t <code>D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/code>. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p g\u1ecdi-tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1:<\/strong> <code>login(t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u)<\/code> (\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9)<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2:<\/strong> <code>tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1(m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o)<\/code> (Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 2: X\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n<p>Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho kho h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra song song.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1:<\/strong> <code>th\u00f4ng b\u00e1oKho()<\/code> (B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9)<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2:<\/strong> <code>g\u1eediX\u00e1c nh\u1eadn()<\/code> (B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0110\u00e3 g\u1eedi&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83e\udde9 Tin nh\u1eafn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tin nh\u1eafn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec7 quy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec7 quy, x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c logic v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t <code>M\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t <code>t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/code> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd17 T\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h2>\n<p>Trong khi ki\u1ec3u tin nh\u1eafn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1, 0..*, *).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1:<\/strong>Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>0..*:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 tin nh\u1eafn n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfaf T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb<\/h2>\n<p>Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u tin nh\u1eafn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang, b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong>Ch\u1edd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong>Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1:<\/strong>G\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1ea1o\/Ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y:<\/strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung. Nh\u00e3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udee1 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/h2>\n<p>Khi xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u tin nh\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83c\udf10 Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n<p>Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tin nh\u1eafn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh vi h\u01a1n. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu g\u1eedi v\u00e0 qu\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, l\u00e0m cho lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn Signal ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3823,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn lo\u1ea1i tin nh\u1eafn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp UML","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 giao ti\u1ebfp UML. 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