{"id":3684,"date":"2026-03-23T16:36:13","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T08:36:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vi\/reducing-coupling-improve-system-flexibility\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T16:36:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T08:36:13","slug":"reducing-coupling-improve-system-flexibility","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vi\/reducing-coupling-improve-system-flexibility\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. Khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c module ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa hai thao t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c module. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c module n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t module kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf module kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c module k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong khi duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t module \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao:<\/strong> C\u00e1c module ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> C\u00e1c module t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nC\u00e1c module chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua tham s\u1ed1.<\/td>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5p (mong mu\u1ed1n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c module chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/td>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t module truy\u1ec1n c\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho module kh\u00e1c.<\/td>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft chung<\/td>\nC\u00e1c module chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c.<\/td>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t module thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a module kh\u00e1c.<\/td>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9\u8026 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c\u8026 h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c\u8026 h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng logic \u1ea9n, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

    T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Khi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9\u8026 h\u1ee3p cao, chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng “s\u00f3ng lan”. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ti\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng logic kinh doanh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy.<\/p>\n

    Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed<\/h3>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1\u8026 h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ec7p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp (mocking):<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h3>\n

      T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1\u8026 h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u00f4-\u0111un x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n b\u1ecb\u8026 h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi API c\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i logic c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. S\u1ef1\u8026 h\u1ee3p l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef g\u00ecn giao di\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi\u8026 h\u1ee3p \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

      Gi\u1ea3m\u8026 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sau cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

      1. Bao \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

      Bao \u0111\u00f3ng \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng khai c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n ng\u0103n c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c truy c\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean trong tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

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      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y (getter) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t (setter) c\u00f4ng khai khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
      • Tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0 m\u1ea3ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        2. T\u00e1ch giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang cho t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1\u8026 h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia nh\u1ecf giao di\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c module ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cao.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng module n\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          3. \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic c\u1ea5p cao.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
          • Ti\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ch\u00fang tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            4. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

            Thay v\u00ec g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, c\u00e1c module c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Khi m\u1ed9t module ph\u00e1t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ai \u0111ang l\u1eafng nghe.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn.<\/li>\n
            • Cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafng nghe ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
            • Gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u tham chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

              Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c khung c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c container. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

              Ch\u00e8n th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o<\/h3>\n

              Truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
              • L\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
              • Gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                B\u1ed9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/h3>\n

                M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1ea9n. M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 h\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u01afu ti\u00ean ch\u00e8n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tra c\u1ee9u ng\u1ea7m.<\/li>\n
                • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \ud83e\uddea<\/h2>\n

                  S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

                  V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ea1y trong v\u00e0i mili gi\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbp \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay th\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi thay v\u00ec c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

                    Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5p, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m v\u00ec c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
                    • X\u00e1c minh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                      \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thi\u1ebfu th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                      Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

                      T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o khi ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

                      Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

                      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u0129nh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c chung. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u0129nh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
                      • Truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua tham s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
                      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chung.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa<\/h3>\n

                        M\u1ed9t ‘\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa’ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c cao v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
                        • \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                        • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

                          L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 linh ho\u1ea1t? C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t module kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
                          • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>C\u00e1c module c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
                          • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf:<\/strong>C\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
                          • Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song:<\/strong>Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c module kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                            T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                            Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

                            Chuy\u1ec3n logic t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn sang m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                            Thay th\u1ebf logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

                            C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh switch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111a h\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

                            Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

                            N\u1ebfu hai l\u1edbp chia s\u1ebb h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, h\u00e3y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n thay v\u00ec l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                            Nh\u1eefng Xem x\u00e9t Cu\u1ed1i C\u00f9ng \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

                            Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi li\u00ean k\u1ebft, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed1t th\u00ec r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

                            B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean giao di\u1ec7n, ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh doanh thay v\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                            H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kinh doanh. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng linh ho\u1ea1t gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0a t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy. N\u00f3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                            B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn, r\u1ee7i ro. Ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                            Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3685,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gi\u1ea3m \u0110\u1ed9 Li\u00ean K\u1ebft \u0110\u1ec3 N\u00e2ng Cao T\u00ednh Linh Ho\u1ea1t C\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng | H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn OOAD","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[105],"tags":[103,104],"class_list":["post-3684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nGi\u1ea3m \u0110\u1ed9 Li\u00ean K\u1ebft \u0110\u1ec3 N\u00e2ng Cao T\u00ednh Linh Ho\u1ea1t C\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng | H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn OOAD<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. 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