{"id":3590,"date":"2026-03-27T07:30:11","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T23:30:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vi\/avoiding-common-object-oriented-design-traps\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T07:30:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T23:30:11","slug":"avoiding-common-object-oriented-design-traps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go2posts.com\/vi\/avoiding-common-object-oriented-design-traps\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00e1nh Nh\u1eefng B\u1eaby Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1ed5 Bi\u1ebfn N\u00e0y"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb che ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy gi\u1ea3m theo th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

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\"Chalkboard-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\uddec B\u1eaby K\u1ebf Th\u1eeba: C\u00e1c C\u1ea5p C\u1ea5u Tr\u00fac S\u00e2u<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong OOAD l\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y l\u1edbp s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, kh\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Sao K\u1ebf Th\u1eeba Tr\u1edf Th\u00e0nh V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • L\u1edbp C\u01a1 S\u1edf D\u1ec5 G\u00e3y:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c Ph\u1ee5 Thu\u1ed9c \u1ea8n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef k\u00edn.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh Linh Ho\u1ea1t H\u1ea1n Ch\u1ebf:<\/strong> K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1eddi gian bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u0129nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eadn Bi\u1ebft C\u00e1c Tri\u1ec7u Ch\u1ee9ng<\/h3>\n

    N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u2018l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u2019 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111ang l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. H\u00e3y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • C\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u0111\u00e8 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
    • Logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp cha v\u00e0 con.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e9m ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb:<\/strong>\u01afu ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

      \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f M\u1eabu H\u00ecnh Ph\u1ea3n T\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t ‘\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n’ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn logic kinh doanh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u00fat th\u1eaft l\u1edbn cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      T\u00ednh N\u0103ng<\/th>\nT\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      K\u00edch Th\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u00f2ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      S\u1ef1 Li\u00ean K\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Tr\u00e1ch Nhi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/td>\nTr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, logic v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/strong><\/td>\nR\u1ee7i ro cao v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9<\/h3>\n

      Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 truy v\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p xung \u0111\u1ed9t g\u1ed9p trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

      Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb:<\/strong> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (SRP). \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ch\u00fang b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd17 Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h2>\n

      Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00f4-\u0111un n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un kh\u00e1c. Trong OOAD, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

      V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/h3>\n

      Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng new<\/code>\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, n\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai thay th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
      • Chi ph\u00ed t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
      • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>L\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng di chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo<\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n
        • X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
        • Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai \u1ea9n sau c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udcdc T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn<\/h2>\n

          Giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t Giao di\u1ec7n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao di\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn<\/h3>\n

          H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai giao di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e9m ra NotImplementedException<\/code> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m nothing.<\/li>\n
          • S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/li>\n
          • L\u1ed7i bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu giao di\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, ngay c\u1ea3 khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t cho giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

            Gi\u1eef giao di\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung. Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean modular h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udcca C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong OOAD l\u00e0 coi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao b\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng n\u00ean bao b\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi. Vi\u1ec7c coi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ‘M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n g\u1ea7y g\u00f2’ n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 logic.<\/p>\n

            B\u1eaby M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh G\u1ea7y g\u00f2<\/h3>\n

            Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp Service ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00ec b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • L\u00e0m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
            • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i theo c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
            • Chuy\u1ec3n logic thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f9ng nhau, b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cho l\u1ed7i. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

              \ud83c\udfaf Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf Liskov (LSP)<\/h2>\n

              LSP n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a si\u00eau l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

              Vi ph\u1ea1m ki\u1ec3u con<\/h3>\n

              H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb l\u1edbp h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, chi\u1ec1u cao ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp chi\u1ec1u cao, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u con h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

              Lo\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 code s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111a h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 LSP<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec1.<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a si\u00eau l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u2696\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n (SRP)<\/h2>\n

                SRP th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 ‘m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c’. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ‘m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i’. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

                H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn l\u1edbp n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i?’ N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Logic truy c\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh.<\/li>\n
                • Logic \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi logic t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
                • Logic ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c song song. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udd04 B\u1eaby B\u1ed9 Duy\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n

                  C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 duy\u1ec7t cho ph\u00e9p duy\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 duy\u1ec7t t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 duy\u1ec7t t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                  Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 duy\u1ec7t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/h3>\n

                  Tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 duy\u1ec7t t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh, h\u00e3y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 duy\u1ec7t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 duy\u1ec7t m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd th\u00eam m\u00e3 boilerplate kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udd12 Bao \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/h2>\n

                  Bao \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc che gi\u1ea5u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, bao \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong khi bao \u0111\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. T\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • C\u00f4ng khai:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/li>\n
                  • B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 mong manh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                  • Ri\u00eang t\u01b0:<\/strong>M\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Che gi\u1ea5u chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u0110\u1eebng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng khai, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef n\u00f3 ri\u00eang t\u01b0. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

                    \ud83d\udcc8 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n

                    M\u1ed7i b\u1eaby thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i th\u00eam do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                    H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i thay v\u00ec th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n
                    • Chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cao h\u01a1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/li>\n
                    • R\u1ee7i ro t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> N\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

                      \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

                      X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00ec ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi ph\u00ed d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

                      H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y. T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy ‘m\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng’ che l\u1ea5p m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ‘m\u00e3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec’.<\/p>\n

                      \ud83d\udcdd Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd cho OOAD<\/h2>\n
                        \n
                      • Tr\u00e1nh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
                      • Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                      • Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Ti\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
                      • \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>Gi\u1eef ch\u00fang nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                      • B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>Bao b\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc LSP:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp cha m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. D\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u khi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n script nhanh thay v\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. H\u00e3y lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                        Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3591,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \ud83d\uded1","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[105],"tags":[103,104],"class_list":["post-3590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nTr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng b\u1eaby thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \ud83d\uded1<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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